Kofaktory
=> neproteínové zložky
enzýmu potrebné pre rolu katalyzátoru
Delia sa hlavne na anorganické a organické (koenzýmy)
Niektoré enzýmy potrebujú viacero koenzýmov ($\textbf{pyruvát dehydrogenáza}$)
# Anorganické
Sú to hlavne kovové jóny
$\ce{Cu^{2}+, Fe^{2}+, Mg^{2}+, Mn^{2}+, Mo^{6}+, Ni^{2}+, Zn^{2}+}$
Existujú aj železno-sírne proteíny, ktoré obsahujú zhluky železa a síry:
Ferrodoxíny, NADH dehydrogenáza, hydrogenázy, reduktázy, nitrogenázy, …
# Organické
Tiež nazývané koenzýmy
# Vitamínové
See also: vitamíny
| Kofactor | Vitamín | Additional component | Chemical group(s) transferred |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tiamín pyrofosfát | Tiamín (B1) | pyrofosfát | 2-C groups, α cleavage |
| NAD+ a NADP+ | Niacin (B3) | ADP | Elektróny |
| Pyridoxal fosfát | Pyridoxín (B6) | None | Amino and carboxyl groups |
| Metylcobalamin | kobalamin (B12) | Methyl group | acyl groups |
| Kobalamin | Kobalamin (B12) | None | hydrogen, alkyl groups |
| Biotin | Biotin (H) | None | CO2 |
| Coenzyme A | Pantothenic acid (B5) | ADP | Acetyl group and other acyl groups |
| Tetrahydrofolic acid | Folic acid (B9) | Glutamátové zvyšky | Metyl, formyl, metylene and formimino skupiny |
| Menaquinone | Vitamin K | None | Carbonyl group and elektróny |
| Ascorbic acid | Vitamin C | None | Elektróny |
| Flavin mononucleotide | Riboflavin (B2) | None | Elektróny |
| Flavin adenine dinucleotide | Riboflavin (B2) | ADP | Elektróny |
| Coenzyme F420 | Riboflavin (B2) | Amino acids | Elektróny |
# Koenzým A
Koenzým A:
# Redukujúce koeznýmy
-> NAD, NADP, FMN, FADH
# Nevitamínové
| Kofactor | Chemical group(s) transferred |
|---|---|
| Adenosine triphosphate | Phosphate group |
| S-Adenosyl methionine | Methyl group |
| Coenzyme B | Electrons |
| Coenzyme M | Methyl group |
| Coenzyme Q | Electrons |
| Cytidine triphosphate | Diacylglycerols and lipid head groups |
| Glutathione | Electrons |
| Hém | Electrons |
| Lipoamide | Electrons, acyl groups |
| Methanofuran | Formyl group |
| Molybdopterin | Oxygen atoms |
| Nucleotide sugars | Monosaccharides |
| 3’-Phosphoadenosine-5’-phosphosulfate | Sulfate group |
| Pyrroloquinoline quinone | Electrons |
| Tetrahydrobiopterin | Oxygen atom and electrons |
| Tetrahydromethanopterin | Methyl group |